Promoting Literacy in the Digital Era

Since 1966, UNESCO has marked this day to remind the world that literacy is not just a basic skill, but a fundamental human right and a key to social and economic development.

The theme of this year, “Promoting Literacy in the Digital Era”, is both timely and essential. We are living in an age where books and blackboards are no longer the only gateways to knowledge. Today, education has entered a new dimension—one shaped by computers, smartphones, artificial intelligence, and the internet. Literacy in this century goes far beyond the ability to read and write; it now includes the ability to access, understand, and effectively use digital tools.

The Importance of Literacy in the Digital World

Traditionally, literacy meant the power to read a sentence and write a paragraph. But in today’s interconnected world, literacy also means the ability to:

• Search for authentic information online.
• Communicate effectively through digital platforms.
• Understand digital texts, images, and videos.
• Apply knowledge to solve real-life problems.

Without digital literacy, even an educated person may struggle to function in today’s society. Imagine filling a job application online, attending a virtual class, using internet banking, or accessing government schemes without digital skills—it becomes nearly impossible.

Opportunities in the Digital Era

The digital world offers us powerful tools to make education inclusive, flexible, and accessible:

1. E-learning platforms such as SWAYAM, Coursera, and Khan Academy have opened doors for millions of learners across the world.
2. Digital libraries now provide access to books, journals, and articles that were once out of reach for students in remote areas.
3. Mobile learning allows anyone with a smartphone to learn at their own pace, anytime, anywhere.
4. Artificial Intelligence and language tools have made learning possible even in one’s mother tongue, reducing barriers of communication.

Thus, technology has the power to bring education to the doorstep of every learner, breaking the barriers of geography and social inequality.

Challenges in Promoting Literacy in the Digital Era

However, alongside these opportunities, there are pressing challenges that we cannot ignore:

• The Digital Divide: Millions of people, especially in rural and marginalized communities, lack access to affordable internet, electricity, or devices.
• Skill Gap: Teachers and learners often lack the necessary training to use digital resources effectively.
• Content Accessibility: A large portion of online material is available in English, leaving behind those who are more comfortable in local languages.
• Cyber Safety: The internet is filled with misinformation, distractions, and risks that can mislead learners instead of empowering them.

If these challenges are not addressed, digital literacy may deepen social inequalities rather than reduce them.

Steps to Promote Literacy in the Digital Era

To ensure that digital literacy benefits everyone, we need collective efforts from government, educational institutions, teachers, students, and society as a whole. Some important steps include:

1. Bridging the Digital Divide: Providing affordable devices, internet connectivity, and electricity to rural and underprivileged communities.
2. Teacher Training: Equipping educators with digital tools and skills so that they can effectively integrate technology into classrooms.
3. Local Language Content: Creating and promoting digital educational resources in regional languages to make learning inclusive.
4. Awareness Campaigns: Encouraging parents and communities to recognize the value of digital education.
5. Safe Digital Practices: Teaching learners how to use the internet responsibly, ethically, and safely.
6. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between governments, NGOs, and private companies to invest in digital infrastructure and literacy programs.

India’s Role and Responsibility

In India, with its vast population and cultural diversity, promoting literacy in the digital era is both a challenge and an opportunity. Programs like Digital India, National Digital Library, and PM eVidya have already taken steps in this direction. But still, millions remain outside the digital ecosystem. To achieve true literacy, India must ensure that every citizen—whether in a metropolitan city or a remote tribal village—has access to both education and technology.

Conclusion

Friends, literacy is no longer confined to alphabets and numbers; it is about preparing individuals to live, learn, and work in a digital society. As we celebrate International Literacy Day 2025, let us remember that a digitally literate person is not just someone who can operate a smartphone, but one who can use digital knowledge to improve life, society, and humanity as a whole.

Let us pledge today to bridge the gaps, empower learners, and make digital literacy a universal right. Only then can we build a society that is truly literate, equitable, and prepared for the challenges of tomorrow.

The Relationship between Teachers and Students

A Pathway to Productive Education and Social Reform

Education is not merely the transfer of knowledge from one mind to another. It is a dynamic process built on human relationships, especially that between teachers and students. The strength and quality of this relationship determine not only the productivity of education but also its power to drive social reforms.

The Foundation of Learning

Teachers play the role of guides, mentors, and facilitators of thought. Students, in turn, are not passive recipients of information but active participants in the process of learning. A strong teacher-student relationship creates an environment of trust, respect, and encouragement where curiosity is nurtured and individuality is respected. This bond enhances communication, motivates students to learn, and enables teachers to adapt methods according to the learner’s needs.

Making Education More Productive

Education becomes most effective when students feel valued and understood. A teacher who inspires confidence can awaken a desire for lifelong learning. When discipline blends with empathy, classroom interaction moves beyond rote memorization to intellectual exploration. In such settings, mistakes are viewed not as failures, but as opportunities for growth. This productive environment not only improves academic outcomes but also builds resilience, creativity, and problem-solving skills.

Catalyst for Social Reforms

The relationship between teachers and students is also vital for shaping responsible citizens. Teachers serve as moral and social role models, imparting values such as honesty, equality, and cooperation. When students internalize these values, they become capable of contributing positively to society. Throughout history, education rooted in strong teacher-student bonds has been a driver of social transformation—removing ignorance, challenging social evils, and inspiring movements for justice and equality.

A Two-Way Responsibility

The responsibility to sustain this relationship lies with both teachers and students. Teachers must practice patience, fairness, and continuous self-learning, while students must show respect, diligence, and openness to guidance. Mutual recognition of roles ensures a healthy academic environment where knowledge and character development go hand in hand.

The teacher-student relationship is more than an academic interaction; it is the foundation of an enlightened and equitable society. By fostering mutual respect, communication, and shared responsibility, education becomes not just a personal achievement but a social force. When this relationship is nurtured, education reaches its highest purpose—empowering individuals and transforming societies.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

The evolutionary processes, or the origin of new species, could not be clearly explained by the theories put forward by Lamarck, Darwin, or Hugo de Vries. Although these theories are vital in the study of evolution, they were unable to explain how variations are passed on to the next generation and how natural selection strengthens the adaptive advantages of organisms. To address these limitations, the concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was introduced, which is summarized as follows:

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was brought up to establish the conditions in which genetic variation is statically maintained, to serve as a reference point for detecting evolutionary changes. The Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium is a rule in genetics that tells us how genes behave in a large population.

It says that if nothing changes in a population (no mutation, no migration, no selection, random mating, and a very large size), then:

a) The frequency of alleles (different forms of a gene, like A or a) will stay the same from one generation to the next.

b) The frequency of genotypes (like AA, Aa, or aa) will also remain constant.

Most precisely, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium concept is like a “genetic balance.” If no outside forces act, the population’s genes stay stable over time.

To understand the concept of this principle, it uses a simple formula:

 p + q = 1

(where p = frequency of dominant allele, q = frequency of recessive allele)

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

(where p² = AA, 2pq = Aa, q² = aa)

Q. What is gene frequency?

Ans- Gene frequency (also known as allele frequency) is the proportion of a specific allele—one form of a gene—at a given locus in the gene pool of a population, relative to the total number of all alleles for that gene present in the population. It is calculated by dividing the number of a particular allele by the total number of alleles for that gene in the population.

Q. What is gene pool?

Ans- A gene pool is the complete set of all genes and their different alleles present within a population of a particular species. It represents the total genetic diversity available in that population and includes all genetic information at every gene locus across all individuals.

Q. What is genetic drift?

Ans- Genetic drift means of exhaustion of genes in a population. Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution that refers to random changes in the frequencies of alleles (gene variants) in a population from one generation to the next due to chance events.

Sachin Tendulkar: The Journey of a Legend

In a small colony of Mumbai, a young boy with a bat in his hand and dreams in his eyes would spend countless hours hitting a rubber ball against the walls of his society. That boy was Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar, who would go on to become one of the greatest cricketers in the world.

1989, when Sachin Tendulkar age was 15 years

Early Struggles

Born on 24th April 1973, Sachin’s childhood was not very different from that of other Indian kids. But his passion for cricket set him apart. His elder brother, Ajit Tendulkar, noticed his talent and took him to Ramakant Achrekar, a famous cricket coach. Under Achrekar’s strict guidance, young Sachin practiced for hours, often batting in multiple matches in a single day. Sometimes, he would even play with a coin kept on the stump by his coach — if bowlers could not dismiss him, they earned the coin. Sachin still treasures those coins as a symbol of his struggle and dedication.

Sachin faced challenges too. Traveling long hours by Mumbai’s crowded local trains with heavy cricket kits was not easy. He often woke up before dawn, practiced till late evening, and returned home exhausted. But his determination never faded.

Rise to Stardom

At just 16 years old, Sachin made his international debut against Pakistan in 1989. Facing the fiery pace attack of Wasim Akram and Waqar Younis, the teenager showed remarkable courage. His bloodied nose from a bouncer did not stop him from continuing to bat — a glimpse of the grit that would define his career.

Sachin, art of batting on the crease

From there, Sachin’s journey was extraordinary. He became the backbone of Indian batting, earning nicknames like “Little Master” and “God of Cricket.” Fans waited for his innings, stadiums filled up when he walked to the crease, and bowlers feared his straight drive.

Career Highlights

• 100 international centuries – a record unmatched.
• Over 34,000 runs across formats – the highest by any player.
• First player to score a double century in ODI cricket (200 runs vs South Africa, 2010).
• Key role in India’s 2011 World Cup victory, fulfilling his lifelong dream.

But his career was not just glory. Sachin faced injuries, criticism, and immense pressure. Millions of fans placed their hopes on his shoulders, and every failure brought harsh judgment. Yet, he remained humble, focused, and resilient.

Life Beyond Cricket

Sachin retired from international cricket in 2013, leaving behind a career that spanned 24 years. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honor, becoming the youngest recipient.

Off the field, he is a devoted family man, married to Anjali Tendulkar, with two children, Sara and Arjun. Sachin has also engaged in philanthropy, supporting underprivileged children and promoting sports in India.

Legacy

Sachin’s story is not just about records; it is about discipline, perseverance, and humility. From a boy practicing under Mumbai’s scorching sun to becoming a global icon, he proved that with hard work and determination, dreams do come true.

Even today, when people speak of cricket, the first name that comes to mind is Sachin Tendulkar — the man who carried the hopes of a billion people and inspired generations to believe in the power of passion and dedication.

পাকিস্তানে ভাৰতত পৰমাণু বোমা দিব

যোৱা ২২ এপ্ৰিল ২০২৫ ত পাকিস্তানৰ সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীয়ে ভাৰতত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি ২৬ জনকৈ পৰ্যটকক গুলিৱাই হত্যা কৰাৰ পাছত ভাৰতে পাকিস্তানৰ মাটিত পাকিস্তান চৰকাৰৰ নিমখ খাই লালিত-পালিত হোৱা সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীক আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ পাছত দুয়োখন দেশৰ মাজত শত্ৰুতা তীব্ৰতৰ হ’বলৈ ধৰিছে। ভাৰতে যদিও পূণাংগ যুদ্ধ নকৰি কেৱল সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীৰ বৰ্বৰতাক মষিমূৰ কৰিবলৈ আক্ৰমণ কৰিছিল, কিন্তু সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীৰ কথাত উঠা-নমা কৰা পাকিস্তানে ভাৰতৰ সৈতে পূৰ্ণাংগ ৰূপত যুদ্ধ কৰিছিল। ভাৰতত হাতত ধাৰাসায়ী হোৱাৰ পাছত নিজৰ অস্তিত্বৰ প্ৰতি প্ৰবল ভাবুকি অহাত পাকিস্তানৰ মন্ত্ৰী, সেনাৰ মুখত এতিয়া পাকিস্তানৰ জনসাধাৰণক সন্তোষ্ট কৰিবলৈ সভা-সমিতি, টেলিভিশ্বন আদিত কেৱল ভাৰতক পৰমাণু বোমাৰে নিশেষ কৰাৰ কথা মুখত আখৈ ফুটা দি ফুটিবলৈ ধৰিছে। ভাৰতে পাকিস্তানৰ সৈতে পূৰ্বতে থকা হিন্দু জলচুক্তি বাতিল কৰাৰ পাছতেই পাকিস্তানৰ অস্তিত্বৰ প্ৰতি ভয়াৱহতা অহা কথাটোক লৈ পাকিস্তানৰ ৰজা আৰু প্ৰজা সকলোৰে টোপনি সৰিছে। জনতাৰ ৰোষৰ পৰা পৰিত্ৰাণ পাবলৈ শাসনত থকা মন্ত্ৰী সকল, একছত্তী সেনাৰ মূৰব্বী আচিম মুনিকে ধৰি একাংশ লোকক কেৱল ভাৰতৰ ভূতে দিনে নিশাই খেদি ফুৰিছে। তাতে আমেৰিকা আৰু চীনে নিজৰ দেশত তৈয়াৰী বিভিন্ন ধৰণৰ অস্ত্ৰ সাম্ৰগী পাকিস্তানক বিক্ৰী কৰি এই সুযোগতে ধন ঘটাৰ আশাতে পাকিস্তানৰ দৰে অদূৰদৰ্শী মন্ত্ৰী-সেনা বিষয়াক উত্তেজিত কৰি ভাৰতৰ বিৰুদ্ধে বিভিন্ন তিৰ্য্যক মন্তব্য দিয়াত উতসাহ জগাই আহিছে। সৌ সিদিনা স্ব-প্ৰশংসাত গৰ্বিত আচিম মুনিৰ নামৰ সেনা-প্ৰধানজনে আমেৰিকাৰ পৰাই ভাৰতক অতি তুচ্ছ শব্দৰে তুচ্ছ-তাছিল্যৰে ভাবুকি দিবলৈও কুণ্ঠাবোধ কৰা নাই। তেওঁৰ মতে ‘’ভাৰত হৈছে চিকচিকিয়া মাৰ্চিডিচ গাড়ী আৰু পাকিস্তান হৈছে শিলে ভৰা এখন ট্ৰাক। ৰাস্তাত মাৰ্চিডিছ আৰু ট্ৰাকৰ মাজত খুন্দা মাৰিলে কাৰ বেছি ক্ষতি হ’ব’’ বুলি উপমা দি ভাৰতক উপলুঙা কৰিছিল। তেওঁ আৰু কৈছিল ইন্দু নদীত ভাৰতে জলবিদ্যুত প্ৰকল্প বনালে ১০ টা মিছাইলেৰে ভাঙি পেলাব আৰু তেওঁ সেই দিনটোলৈ বাট চাই আছে বুলি ভাবুকি প্ৰদান কৰিছে। লগতে কৈছে কিবা কাৰণত যদি পাকিস্তান ডুবিব লগা হয় তেন্তে আধা পৃথিৱী লগত লৈ ডুবা কথা কৈ ভাৰতক ভাবুকি প্ৰদান কৰিছে। পাকিস্তানৰ এই ধৰণৰ কথাতেই বুজা যায় যে বৰ্তমান পাকিস্তানত কেনেধৰণৰ হাহাকাৰ সৃষ্টি হৈছে, কিমান নিৰাশাত ডুব গ’লে দেশৰ নেতা, বিষয়াই এনে কথা ক’বলৈ বাধ্য হয়!

তাৰোপৰি পাকিস্তানৰ মন্ত্ৰী আৰু জননেতাৰ মুখত কেৱল ভাৰতক পৰমাণু বোমাৰে আক্ৰমণ কৰি শেষ কৰাৰ কথাকে কৈ থকা দেখা গৈছে। শেষতীয়াকৈ একালৰ প্ৰাক্তন ক্ৰিকেট বৰ্ডৰ চেয়াৰমেন আৰু নৱাব শ্বেৰিফৰ ঘনিষ্ঠ নেজাম শেথে কি কি কাৰণত পাকিস্তানে ভাৰতত পৰমাণু বোমা পেলাব তাৰো লিষ্ট এখন তৈয়াৰ কৰিছে বুলি কৈ বিশ্বজুৰি বাতৰি শিৰোনাম দখল কৰিছে। তেওঁৰ মতে তলত কাৰণ কেইটাৰ বাবে পাকিস্তানে ভাৰতত পৰমাণু বোমা বিস্ফোৰণ কৰিব-

১) যদি ভাৰতৰ নৌ সেনাই কৰাচী বন্দৰত পাকিস্তানৰ নৌ সেনাৰ গতি-বিধিত বাধা দিয়ে তেন্তে পৰমাণু বোমাৰে আক্ৰমণ কৰিব,

২) যেতিয়া ভাৰতীয় সেনাই লাহোৰত প্ৰৱেশ কৰি ইচলামাবাদত প্ৰৱেশ কৰিব তেতিয়া পৰমাণু বোমাৰে আক্ৰমণ কৰিব,

৩) যেতিয়াই ভাৰতে ভাৰতৰ পৰা পাকিস্তানলৈ বৈ যোৱা পানী বন্ধ কৰিব তেতিয়াও ভাৰতক পৰমাণু বোমাই আক্ৰমণ কৰিব।

গতিকে পাকিস্তানৰ সৰ্বত্ৰে যে ভাৰতৰ প্ৰতি ভয় সোমাই পৰিছে সেইটো নিশ্চিত। ভাৰতত বাৰে বাৰে বিভিন্ন ধৰণে আক্ৰমণ কৰাৰ পাছতো সংযম ৰক্ষা কৰি ভাৰতে নিজৰ সন্মান আৰু বিশ্বৰ বুকুত ধৈৰ্য্যৰ অসীম শক্তি প্ৰৰ্দশন কৰি আহিছে। আৰু এই মৌনতাৰ চেগ বুজি পাকিস্তানে চীন আৰু আমেৰিকাৰ উচতনিত মখৰ চুপতি মাৰি আহিছে। কিন্তু এতিয়াৰ পৰা যে ভাৰতৰ ফালৰ পৰা উচিত প্ৰত্যোত্তৰ পাব সেইটো ভাৱি ৰজা-প্ৰজা সকলোৰে টোপনি সৰিছে। সেয়েহে পাকিস্তান আজি কম্পমান।

ভাৰতৰ দৰে পাৰমাণৱিক শক্তিধৰ দেশ, পাকিস্তান যাৰ লগত তুলনা নহয়, তথাপি সন্ত্ৰাসবাদীৰ ধমকত ভাৰতক ভাবুকি দি অহাটো দুৰ্ভাগ্যজনক কথা। আৰু আমাৰ দেশেও পাকিস্তানৰ সুৰত মিলাই কথা-চুপতি নামাৰি কামেৰে সকলো সময়তে জাগ্ৰত হৈ থকাটো নিতান্তই প্ৰয়োজন। ভাৰতৰ দৰে বিশাল সেনা-বাহিনী আৰু উন্নত মানৰ নিৰাপত্তা সজুলিৰে শক্তিধৰ এখন দেশে অৰ্থনৈতিক অনগ্ৰসতাই কোঙা কৰা এখন দেশে যাতে কোনো দিন আঙুলি টোৱাই কথা ক’ব নোৱাৰে সেইটো তৈয়াৰ কৰাটো খুবেই দৰকাৰ।  

LIC Officer's Job

LIC ত 841 টা বিষয়া পৰ্য্যায়ৰ Assistant Administrative Officer (AAO-Generalist) চাকৰিৰ আবেদনৰ বাবে বিজ্ঞাপন প্ৰকাশ পাইছে। 

খালী পদঃ 

১। সহকাৰী প্ৰসাসনিক বিষয়া Assistant Administrative Officer (AAO-Generalist):  350

শিক্ষাগত অৰ্হতাঃ স্বীকৃতি শৈক্ষিক প্ৰতিষ্ঠানৰ পৰা  যিকোনো বিষয়ত স্নাতক হ'ব লাগিব।

পদৰ সংৰক্ষণ তলত দিয়া ধৰণৰ-

২। সহকাৰী প্ৰসাসনিক বিষয়া Assistant Administrative Officer (AAO-Specialist): 410

শিক্ষাগত অৰ্হতাঃ জানিবলৈ ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰক

পদৰ সংৰক্ষণ তলত দিয়া ধৰণৰ-

৩। সহকাৰী অভিযন্ত্ৰা Assistant Engineer: 81

শিক্ষাগত অৰ্হতাঃ জানিবলৈ ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰক

পদৰ সংৰক্ষণ তলত দিয়া ধৰণৰ-

আবেদনৰ অন্তিম দিন : 08-09-2025 

বয়সঃ 01-08-2025 ত আবেদনকাৰীৰ বয়স 21 ৰ পৰা 30 বছৰৰ ভিতৰত হ'ব লাগিব। অৱশ্যে সংৰক্ষিত শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাৰ্থীৰ বাবে চৰকাৰী বিধি অনুসৰি বয়সৰ ৰেহাইৰ ব্যৱস্থা আছে। 

দৰমহা আৰু অনান্যা সা-সুবিধাঃ Pay scale Rs. 88635- 4385(14)-150025– 4750(4) –169025,              প্ৰাথমিক দৰমহাঃ Rs.1,26,000/- per month (অৱশ্যে চহৰৰ অৱস্থিতিৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰিব)।

পৰীক্ষাৰ মাচুলঃ 

(ক) SC/ST/ PwBD প্ৰাৰ্থীৰ ৰ বাবেঃ Intimation Charges of Rs. 85/- + Transaction Charges + GST

(খ)বাকী সকলো শ্ৰেণীৰ প্ৰাৰ্থীৰ বাবেঃ Application Fee-cum-Intimation Charges of Rs. 700 /- + Transaction Charges +GST

পঞ্জীয়ন কৰাৰ আগতে জানিবলগীয়া দৰকাৰী কথাকেইটা (IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE NOTED BEFORE REGISTRATION)

(i) প্ৰাৰ্থীসকলে তলৰ নথিসমূহ স্কেন কৰি লোৱা উচিত Candidates should scan their :

 - photograph (4.5cm × 3.5cm) - signature (with black ink)

 - left thumb impression (on white paper with black or blue ink)

 - a hand written declaration (on a white paper with black or blue ink) (text given below) ensuring that all these scanned documents adhere to the required specifications. 

(ii) Signature in CAPITAL LETTERS will NOT be accepted. 

(iii) The left thumb impression should be properly scanned and not smudged. (If a candidate is not having left thumb, he/she may use his/ her right thumb for applying.) 

(iv) The text for the hand written declaration is as follows – “I, _______ (Name of the candidate), hereby declare that all the information submitted by me in the application form is correct, true and valid. I will present the supporting documents as and when required.” 

(v) The above mentioned hand written declaration has to be in the candidate’s hand writing and in English only. If it is written and uploaded by anybody else or in any other language, the application will be considered as invalid. (In the case of Visually Impaired candidates who cannot write they have to get the text of declaration typed and put their left hand thumb impression below the typed declaration and upload the document as per specifications.) 

(vi) Keep the necessary details/documents ready to make Online Payment of the requisite application fee/ intimation charges 

আবেদন কৰিবলৈ ইয়াত ক্লিক কৰক

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Cell cycle

What is cell cycle?

The cell cycle is a series of ordered events that a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it divides into two daughter cells. It encompasses the cell's growth, DNA replication, preparation for division, and the actual division process.

The cell cycle is essential for cell growth, development, and reproduction. It ensures that genetic material is accurately duplicated and distributed to daughter cells. The cell cycle is divided primarily into two broad phases:

1. Interphase

• The longest phase, sometimes called the "resting phase" but actually very active.

• The cell grows and prepares for division.

• Interphase is subdivided into three stages:

  • G1 phase (Gap 1): The cell grows physically, produces RNA, proteins, organelles, and carries out normal metabolic activities. It prepares for DNA replication but does not replicate DNA yet.

  • S phase (Synthesis): DNA replication occurs, duplicating the cell's chromosomes. Each chromosome now consists of two sister chromatids.

  • G2 phase (Gap 2): The cell continues to grow and produces proteins and organelles necessary for mitosis. The cell also begins reorganizing its contents to prepare for division.

Cells that do not divide can enter a resting phase called G0, where they remain metabolically active but do not progress through the cell cycle unless stimulated.

2. M Phase (Mitotic Phase)

• The phase of actual cell division.

• It includes:

  • Mitosis: Division of the cell’s nucleus and its genetic content into two nuclei.

  • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, creating two daughter cells.

Checkpoints in the Cell Cycle

The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints to ensure the process proceeds correctly:

• G1 checkpoint: Determines if the cell is ready for DNA synthesis.

• G2 checkpoint: Checks for DNA damage and completeness of DNA replication before mitosis.

• Metaphase checkpoint (during M phase): Ensures chromosomes are properly aligned before division proceeds.

Major events of the cell cycle

Phase	Description	Key Activities
G1 Phase	Cell growth and metabolism	RNA and protein synthesis; organelle production
S Phase	DNA replication	Duplication of chromosomes
G2 Phase	Preparation for mitosis	Synthesis of proteins, organelles; cell growth
M Phase	Cell division (mitosis + cytokinesis)	Nuclear division and cytoplasmic division
G0 Phase	Resting/non-dividing phase	Cells exit cycle temporarily or permanently

Cell cycle regulation read here

Cell division read here