2.1. Ecosystem Dynamics
Ecosystems are dynamic systems where energy flows
and matter cycles through different components.
Organisms interact with each other (predation,
competition, symbiosis) and with their environment (nutrient cycling, energy
flow).
2.2. Biotic Components
All living organisms within an ecosystem (plants,
animals, fungi, microorganisms).
2.3. Abiotic Components
Non-living elements such as sunlight, temperature,
water, soil nutrients that affect living organisms.
2.4. Energy Flow
Energy enters ecosystems through photosynthesis and
is transferred through food chains/webs.
2.5. Nutrient Cycling
Nutrients are recycled through biogeochemical cycles
(carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle), ensuring sustainability.
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