Thursday, 20 November 2025

Crucial 15-Days before examination

📚 15 Days to the Examination — Study Smart, Stay Confident!

Dear students,
The final 15 days before the examination are the most crucial phase of your preparation. This is the time to revise more and learn smartly, not to stress. Focus on the following:

Revise what you have already studied — strong revision builds confidence.
🔹 Solve previous years’ question papers — it helps you understand the pattern and important topics.
🔹 Make short notes for quick recap — key points, formulas, definitions, diagrams.
🔹Clear your doubts immediately — never leave a concept half-understood.
🔹Practice time management — try sample papers within exam-time limit.

💡Remember: These 15 days can change your result. Even if you feel you are behind, you can still improve a lot with daily discipline. Study with focus, avoid distractions, sleep well, and believe in your hard work.

🌟Success belongs to those who do not give up.
Every hour you study now brings you one step closer to your goals. Stay positive, be consistent, and give your best.

You are capable, you are strong — and you will achieve it! đŸ’Ē📖
Best wishes for your exams and a bright career ahead!

Tuesday, 18 November 2025

BNS āφāχāύ āĻ•ি?

Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 āĻšৈāĻ›ে āĻ­াā§°āϤ⧰ āύāϤুāύ āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻŦিāϧি।

āφāĻŽাā§° āĻ•āϞিāϜাā§° āĻāĻĢাāϞ āφāĻĒোāύ āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻ—াā§°্āĻ—ā§° ā§°āĻšāϏ্āϝ āϜāύāĻ• āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুā§° āĻĒাāĻ›āϤ āĻ…āϏāĻŽā§° āφāĻ•াāĻļ āĻŦāϤাāĻš āϝেāύ āĻĨāĻŽāĻ•ি ā§°'āϞ। āĻĒ্ā§°āϤিāϟো āĻĻিāύ, āĻ•্āώāĻŖ āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻĻাāĻ• āĻšেā§°ুā§ąাā§° āĻŦেāĻĻāύাāχ āĻŽাāύুāĻšāĻ• āĻĒীāĻĄ়া āĻĻি āφāĻ›ে।

āϤেāĻ–েāϤ⧰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāϟো āĻ•োāύেāĻ“ āϝেāύ āϏāĻšāϜে āĻŽাāύি āϞ'āĻŦ āĻĒā§°া āύাāχ। āĻĒুāϞিāϚ⧰ āϤāĻĻāύ্āϤ⧰ āĻŦাāĻšিā§°ে āύ্āϝাāϝ়ā§° āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ąāϏ্āĻĨা āĻāϤিāϝ়াāĻ“ āϝে āφ⧰āĻŽ্āĻ­ āĻšোā§ąা āύাāχ āϏেāχāĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŽাāύুāĻšā§° āĻŽāύāϤ ā§°āĻšāϏ্āϝ āĻ…āϧিāĻ• āϘāύীāĻ­ূāϤ āĻš'āĻŦ āϧ⧰িāĻ›ে।

āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϤāĻĻāύ্āϤ āϚāϞি āĻĨāĻ•াā§° āĻŽাāϜāϤে BNS āφāχāύ⧰ āĻ…āϧীāύāϞৈ āφāύিāĻŦ āĻŦিāϚ⧰াāϟোā§ąেāχ āύ্āϝাāϝ়ā§° āĻ•্āώেāϤ্ā§°āϤ āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻāĻ• āĻŽাāϤ্ā§°া āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰িāĻ›ে।

āĻāχ āφāχāύāĻ–āύāϤ āĻ•ি āφāĻ›ে āĻ…āϞāĻĒ āϜাāύোঁ āφāĻšāĻ•---

āĻāχ āφāχāύে āφāĻ—ā§° Indian Penal Code (IPC)-ā§° āĻ াāχ āϞ’āϞে।
āĻāχ āφāχāύ ā§§ āϜুāϞাāχ ⧍ā§Ļ⧍ā§Ē āϤাā§°িāĻ– āĻĒā§°া āĻ•াāϰ্āϝāϕ⧰ āĻšৈāĻ›ে।

āĻāχ āφāχāύে—

  • āĻŦāĻšুāϤো IPC āϧাā§°াāĻ• āύāϤুāύ ā§°ূāĻĒāϤ āϏāϜাāχāĻ›ে,
  • āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻŽাāύ āϧাā§°া āĻŦাāĻĻ āĻĻিāĻ›ে (āϝেāύে: Sedition āϧাā§°া 124A),
  • āύāϤুāύāĻ•ৈ āϏাংāĻ—āĻ āύিāĻ• āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ, āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤ-āϏুā§°āĻ•্āώা āĻŦিāĻĒāύ্āύ āϕ⧰া āĻ•াā§°্āϝ, āφāĻĻি āϧাā§°া āϝোāĻ— āĻĻিāĻ›ে,
  • āφ⧰ু Community Service āĻŦুāϞিāĻ“ āύāϤুāύ āĻļাāϏ্āϤি āϝোāĻ— āĻšৈāĻ›ে।

BNS āφāχāύ⧰ āĻļাāϏ্āϤিā§° āϧ⧰āĻŖāϏāĻŽূāĻš

BNS āφāχāύ⧰ āĻ…āϧীāύāϤ āĻļাāϏ্āϤিāĻŦোā§° āĻš’āϞ—

  1. āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ
  2. āφāϜীā§ąāύ āĻ•াā§°াāĻŦাāϏ
  3. āĻ•াā§°াāĻŦাāϏ (Rigorous āĻŦা Simple)
  4. āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž Fine
  5. āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϤ্āϤি āĻŦাāϜেāϝ়াāĻĒ্āϤ (Forfeiture of property)
  6. āĻ•āĻŽিāωāύিāϟি āĻ›াā§°্āĻ­িāϚ (Community Service) — āύāϤুāύ āϧ⧰āĻŖā§° āĻļাāϏ্āϤি

BNS āφāχāύ⧰ āĻ•েāχāϟাāĻŽাāύ āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻļাāϏ্āϤি (āωāĻĻাāĻšā§°āĻŖ)

1. āϏাংāĻ—āĻ āύিāĻ• āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ (Organised Crime – Section 111)

  • āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧāϤ āϝāĻĻি āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āϘāϟে → āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻŦা āφāϜীā§ąāύ āĻ•াā§°াāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ ā§° āϞāĻ—āϤে āύ্āϝূāύāϤāĻŽ ₹10 āϞাāĻ– āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ।
  • āφāύ āϏাংāĻ—āĻ āύিāĻ• āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ → ā§Ģ āĻŦāϛ⧰⧰ āĻĒā§°া āφāϜীā§ąāύ + āύ্āϝূāύāϤāĻŽ ₹5 āϞাāĻ– āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ।
  • āϚুāĻ•্āϤি/āώāĻĄ়āϝāύ্āϤ্ā§°/āϚেāώ্āϟা → ā§Ģ āĻŦāϛ⧰⧰ āĻĒā§°া āφāϜীā§ąāύ + āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ।

2. āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ⧰ āϚেāώ্āϟা (Section 62)

āϝāĻĻি āĻ•োāύো āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ āϚেāώ্āϟা āϕ⧰ি āϏāĻĢāϞ āύāĻšā§Ÿ—

  • āĻļাāϏ্āϤি → āĻŽূāϞ āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ⧰ āϏ⧰্āĻŦাāϧিāĻ• āĻļাāϏ্āϤিā§° āφāϧা āĻĒā§°্āϝāύ্āϤ + āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ।

3. āώāĻĄ়āϝāύ্āϤ্ā§° (Criminal Conspiracy – Section 61)

  • āϝāĻĻি āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ⧰ āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ⧰ āώāĻĄ়āϝāύ্āϤ্ā§° → Abetment ā§° āĻļাāϏ্āϤিā§° āϏāĻŽাāύ।
  • āϏ⧰ু āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ → ā§Ŧ āĻŽাāĻšāϞৈ āĻ•াā§°াāĻŦাāϏ āĻŦা āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻŦা āĻĻুāϝ়োāϟা

4. āĻšāϤ্āϝাāĻ•াāĻŖ্āĻĄ (Murder – Section 103)

  • āĻļাāϏ্āϤি → āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻŦা āφāϜীā§ąāύ āĻ•াā§°াāĻŦাāϏ + āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ
  • Mob Lynching (ā§Ģ āĻŦা āϤāϤোāϧিāĻ• āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিā§° āĻĻ্āĻŦাā§°া āϜাāϤি/āϧāϰ্āĻŽ/āϜাāϤিāĻ—āϤ āĻ•াā§°āĻŖāϤ āĻšāϤ্āϝা) → āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻŦা āφāϜীā§ąāύ āĻ•াā§°াāĻŦাāϏ + āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ

5. āĻ…āĻŦāĻšেāϞাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āϘāϟোā§ąা (Section 106)

  • āϏাāϧাā§°āĻŖ āĻ…āĻŦāĻšেāϞাāϤ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু → ā§Ģ āĻŦāϛ⧰ āĻĒā§°্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ•াā§°াāĻŦাāϏ + āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ
  • āϝāĻĻি āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏāĻ•ে āϚিāĻ•িā§ŽāϏা āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•্ā§°িāϝ়াāϤ āĻ­ুāϞ āϕ⧰ি āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āϘāϟা⧟ → ⧍ āĻŦāϛ⧰ āĻĒā§°্āϝāύ্āϤ āĻ•াā§°াāĻŦাāϏ + āĻĻāĻŖ্āĻĄ
āĻ•ি⧟ BNS āĻ—ুā§°ুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ?
  • IPC-ā§° āĻ াāχāϤ āĻāύে āϏāĻ•āϞো āύāϤুāύ āĻĢৌāϜāĻĻাā§°ী āĻŽাāĻŽāϞা BNS āφāχāύ⧰ āĻ…āϧীāύāϤ āϚāϞিāĻŦ।
  • āϏাংāĻ—āĻ āύিāĻ• āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ, āϞিāĻž্āϚিং āφāĻĻি āĻ•āĻ োā§° āϕ⧰া āĻšৈāĻ›ে।
  • āĻ•āĻŽিāωāύিāϟি āĻ›াā§°্āĻ­িāϚ āϝোāĻ— āĻšোā§ąাāϤ āϏ⧰ু āĻ…āĻĒā§°াāϧ⧰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্ā§°āϤ āϜেāϞ⧰ āĻĒā§°িāĻŦā§°্āϤে āϏāĻŽাāϜāϏেā§ąাā§° āĻļাāϏ্āϤি āĻĻিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°ে।

Monday, 17 November 2025

āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻ—াā§°্āĻ—ā§° āϜāύ্āĻŽ āĻĻিāύ āφ⧰ু āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ

Zubeen Garg has planted a sapling

āφāϜি āĻšাā§°্āϟāĻĨ্ā§°āĻŦ āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻ—াā§°্āĻ—ā§° āϜāύ্āĻŽāĻĻিāύ। āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻ—াā§°্āĻ— āĻŦিāĻšীāύ āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĨāĻŽāϟো āϜāύ্āĻŽāĻĻিāύ āĻĒাāϞāύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻ…āύুā§°াāĻ—ী, āĻļুāĻ­াāĻ•াংāĻ™্āĻ–ীāϏāĻ•āϞে। āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻĒ্ā§°েāĻŽী āĻļিāϞ্āĻĒীāĻ—ā§°াāĻ•ীā§° āφāĻĻā§°্āĻļā§° āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āφāĻ•ৃāώ্āϟ āĻšৈ āĻŦāĻšুāϤো āĻ•াā§°্āϝāϏূāϚীā§° āϞāĻ—āϤে āĻŦāĻšুāϤেāχ āĻ•াāχāϞৈ āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি āϞāĻ—াāĻŦ। āĻŦেāĻ›িāĻ•ৈ āĻšā§ŸāϤো āύাāĻšā§°ā§° āĻĒুāϞিāĻ•ে āϞāĻ—াāĻŦ। āĻ‡ā§Ÿাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŦāĻšুāϤেāχ āĻšā§ŸāϤো āφāĻ—āϤী⧟া āĻĒ্ā§°āϏ্āϤুāϤি āϚāϞাāχāĻ›ে। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ•াংāĻļāχ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে āĻŦাāĻŦে āϕ⧰িāĻŦ। āϤāĻĨাāĻĒি āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি āϞāĻ—োā§ąাāϟো āĻ­াāϞ āĻ•াāĻŽ। āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি āϞāĻ—োā§ąা āĻŽাāύে āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āϝāϤ্āύ āϞোā§ąা। āĻĒ্ā§°āĻ•ৃāϤিāĻ• āϝāϤ্āύ āϞোā§ąা āĻŽাāύেāχ āύিāϜ⧰ āϞāĻ—āϤে āωāϤ্āϤ⧰ āĻĒ্ā§°āϜāύ্āĻŽāĻ• āϏুā§°āĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻĒৃāĻĨিā§ąী āĻĒ্ā§°āĻĻাāύ āϕ⧰া।


āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āφāϚāϞ āĻ•āĻĨাāϟো āĻšৈāĻ›ে āĻāϤি⧟া āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি ā§°োā§ąা āϏāĻŽā§ŸāĻ–িāύি। āĻāχ āĻ‹āϤু āĻŦā§° āĻļুāĻ•াāύ। āϝāϤ āĻ—āĻ›-āϞāϤাāχ āĻĒাāύীā§° āĻ…āĻ­াā§ąāϤ āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি-āĻŦিāĻ•াāĻļ āϏ্āϤāĻŦ্āϧ āϕ⧰ি āĻĨ⧟। āϤেāύে āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϤ āĻŦৃāĻ•্āώ ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āĻāĻ• āϜāϟিāϞ āĻ•াāĻŽ। āϤāĻĨাāĻĒি āĻ•াāĻŽāĻ–িāύি āϕ⧰িāĻŦāχ āϞাāĻ—িāĻŦ। āϤাāϤে āĻŦুāĻ•ুā§° āφāĻĒোāύ āφāĻŽাā§° āϏāĻ•āϞোā§°ে āĻŽā§°āĻŽā§° āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻ—াā§°্āĻ—ā§° āύাāĻŽāϤ āĻš'āĻŦ āĻāχ āĻ•াā§°্āϝ । āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻ—াā§°্āĻ—ে āĻ…āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­ā§ąāĻ•ো āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­ā§ą āϕ⧰ি āϤুāϞিāĻ›িāϞ, āϚেāώ্āϟ āϕ⧰িāϞে āϤেāĻ–েāϤ⧰ āĻĻā§°ে āĻšাāϜাā§°āϟা āĻ•াāĻŽ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āύোā§ąাā§°িāϞেāĻ“ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϤ āĻ•েāχāϟাāĻŽাāύ āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি āϜী⧟াāχ āϤুāϞিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŦ। āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি āĻŦāϛ⧰ে āĻŦāĻšু āĻ াāχāϤ āĻŦāĻšুāϤ āĻ—āĻ› ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰া āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ•িāĻŽাāύ āĻŦাāϚি āĻĨাāĻ•িāϞ āϤাā§° āĻšিāϚাāĻĒ āĻ•াāĻ•ো āφāϜিāϞৈāĻ•ে āĻĻি⧟া āĻĻেāĻ–া āύাāχ। āĻ‡ā§Ÿাā§° āĻŽূāϞ āĻ•াā§°āĻŖāϟোā§ąেāχ āĻšৈāĻ›ে āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…ā§ąāĻšেāϞা, āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻ…āϜ্āĻžāϤা। āĻāχāĻŦাā§° āĻ­াā§ąিāĻ›ো āϏেāχ āĻ…ā§ąāĻšেāϞা āύাāĻĨাāĻ•িāĻŦ āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ āĻāχāĻŦাā§° āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি ā§°ুāĻŦ āϏāĻ•āϞোā§°ে āĻŽā§°āĻŽā§° āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻĻাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে। āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞিāϟোāĻ• āĻ…ā§ąāĻšেāϞা āϕ⧰া āĻŽাāύে āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻĻাāĻ• āĻ…ā§ąāĻšেāϞা āϕ⧰া āĻš'āĻŦ। āĻ…ā§ąāĻšেāϞা āĻŦাā§°ু āύāϕ⧰ে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ…āϜ্āĻžāϤা āĻ–িāύি āĻ•েāύেāĻ•ৈ āĻĻূā§° āϕ⧰িāĻŦ। āφāĻšāĻ• āĻ•েāχāϟাāĻŽাāύ āĻ•িāϟিāĻĒ āĻļিāĻ•ি āϞāĻ“ঁ āĻŦা āφāĻĒোāύাāϞোāĻ•েāĻ“ āϝāĻĻি āϜাāύে āϏংāϝোāϜāύ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°ে। āĻ‡ā§Ÿাā§° āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻšৈāĻ›ে āϏāĻ•āϞো āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি āϜী⧟াāχ ā§°āĻ–া।
ā§§) āĻĒুāϞি āύিā§°্āĻŦাāϚāύ āϕ⧰াāϟো āϏāĻĢāϞ ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖā§° āĻ…āύ্āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻ•াā§°āĻŖ। āĻĒুāϞিāϟো āϏ্āĻŦাāĻĨ্āϝāĻŦাāύ āĻš'āĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে। āϤেāϤেā§°া āĻĒā§°া āĻŦা āωāĻĒা⧟ āύাāχ āĻŦাāĻŦেāχ āĻāχāϟোāĻ•ে āϞāĻ—াāχ āĻĻিāĻ“ঁ āϧ⧰āĻŖā§° āĻ•াāĻŽ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āύাāϞাāĻ—ে।
⧍) āĻĒāϛ⧰ āĻĒুāϞিāϟো ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰াā§° āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϤ āĻ“āĻĒā§°ā§° āĻĒাāϤāĻŦোā§° āĻĒৈāĻŖāϤ āĻš'āĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে। āϤেāϤি⧟া, āϝেāϤি⧟া āύāϤুāύ āĻ াāχāϤ āĻĒুāϞিāϟো ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰া āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ“āĻĒā§°ā§° āĻĒাāϤāĻŦোā§° āĻĒৈāĻŖāϤ āĻšোā§ąা āĻŦাāĻŦে āϞেā§°েāϞি āĻŽā§°ি āύাāϝা⧟।
ā§Š) āύাāĻšā§°ā§° āĻĻā§°ে āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻ—āĻ› āĻš'āϞে āĻ—াāϤāϟো āĻĄাāϙ⧰āĻ•ৈ āĻ–াāύ্āĻĻিāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে। ⧍.ā§Ģ āĻĢুāϟāĻŽাāύ⧰ āϘāύাāĻ•াā§° āĻš'āĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে। āĻ…āĻĨাāϤ্ āĻ“āĻĒā§°ে-āϤāϞে-āĻĻ⧟ে āφāĻĸ়ৈ āĻĢুāϟāĻŽাāύ⧰ āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāϞে āĻŦāĻšুāϤেāχ āĻ­াāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ।
ā§Ē) āĻĒā§°াāĻĒāĻ•্āώāϤ ā§­ āĻĻিāύ āφāĻ—āϤেāχ āĻ—াāϤāϟো āĻ–াāύ্āĻĻি āϤāϞিāϟো āĻļুāĻ•ুā§ąাāχ āĻĒুāύ⧰ āĻ“āĻĒā§°ā§° āĻŽাāϟি āφ⧰ু āĻĒāϚা āĻļুāĻ•াāύ āϜাāĻŦā§°-āϜোāĻ ā§°ে ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰া āϤিāύিāĻĻিāύ āĻŽাāύ āφāĻ—āϤেāχ āĻ—āϤāϟো āĻĒুāϤি āĻŽাāϟিāĻ–িāύি āĻ­াāϞāĻĻā§°ে āĻŦāĻĸ়িāĻŦ āĻĻিāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে। āĻŽাāϟিāĻ–িāύি āĻļুāĻ•াāύ āφ⧰ু āϤাā§° āĻŽাāϜāϤে āĻŦেāĻ›িāĻ•ৈ āĻŦা⧟ু āϏোāĻŽাāχ āύাāĻĨাāĻ•িāϞে āĻŦেāĻ›ি āĻ­াāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ।
ā§Ģ) āĻ—াāϤāϟো āĻĒুāϤাā§° āϏāĻŽā§ŸāϤ āĻāĻ•েāĻŦাā§°ে āĻŽাāϜ⧰ āĻ…ংāĻļāϟো āĻāϟা āϚিāĻš্āύ āĻĻি āĻĨ'āĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে āϝাāϤে āĻĒুāϞি āĻŽাāϜ⧰ āĻ…ংāĻļāϤ ā§°ুāĻŦāϞৈ āϝাāĻŦāϞৈ āĻ াāχāϟুāĻ•ুā§°া āϏāĻšāϜে āĻŦিāϚাā§°ি āĻĒোā§ąা āϝা⧟। āĻĒুāϞিāϟো āϏāĻĻা⧟ āĻ—াāϤāϟোā§° āĻŽাāϜ⧰ āĻ…ংāĻļāϤ ā§°োāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে।
ā§Ŧ) āĻĒুāϞি ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰োāϤে āĻĒুāϞিāϟোā§° āĻ—ুā§°িāϟো āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻ“āĻ– āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে āϝাāϤে āĻĒাāύী āĻĻিāϞে āϤাāϤ āϜāĻŽা āĻšৈ āύাāĻĨাāĻ•ে।
ā§­) āĻāϟা āĻ•āĻĨা āĻŽāύāϤ ā§°āĻ–া āĻĻā§°āĻ•াā§° āϝে āĻĒāϞিāĻĨিāύāϤ āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āϕ⧰া āĻĒুāϞি āĻš'āϞে āĻ•োāύো āĻ•াā§°āĻŖāϤে āĻļিāĻĒাā§° āϞāĻ—āϤ āϞাāĻ—ি āĻĨāĻ•া āĻ–িāύি āĻā§°ি āϝাāĻŦ āĻĻিāĻŦ āύাāϞাāĻ—ে। āĻĒāϞিāĻĨিāύ⧰ āĻŦাāĻšিā§°āϞৈ āĻ“āϞাāχ āĻ…āĻšা āĻļিāĻĒাāĻŦোā§° āϚোāĻ•া āĻ•āϟাā§°ী āĻŦা āĻ…āύ্āϝ āϏāϜুāϞিā§°ে āĻ•াāϟি āĻĻিāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে।
ā§Ž) ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰াā§° āĻĒাāĻ›āϤ āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āϏুā§°āĻ•্āώা āĻĻিāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—িāĻŦ। āĻ‡ā§Ÿাā§° āĻŦাāĻŦে āĻŽāϜāĻŦুāϤ āϚাā§°িāϟা āĻŦাāĻšā§° āĻ–ুāϟিā§° āϏৈāϤে āϏেāωāϜী⧟া āĻāĻ—্ā§°'āύেāϟ āϜাāϤী⧟ āĻŦāϏ্āϤু āĻĻিāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°ে। āύāϤুāĻŦা āĻŽāϜāĻŦুāϤāĻ•ৈ āĻŦাāĻšā§° āϜেāω⧰া āĻĻিāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে। āĻ—ā§°ু-āĻ›াāĻ—āϞী āĻŦা āϤেāύে āϤৃāĻŖāĻ­োāϜী āĻĒ্ā§°াāĻŖী⧟ে āĻĸুāĻ•ি āύোāĻĒোā§ąা āύোāĻšোā§ąাāϞৈāĻ•ে āĻ­াāϞāĻĻā§°ে āϏুā§°āĻ•্āώা āĻĻিāĻŦ āϞাāĻ—ে।

āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি āĻāϟা ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰াāϟো āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻ•āĻĨা āύāĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ‡ā§ŸাāĻ• āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āϕ⧰ি āϤোāϞাāĻšে āφāϚāϞ āĻ•āĻĨা। āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি ā§°োāĻĒāĻŖ āϕ⧰াāϟো āĻĒ্ā§°āϤি⧟োāĻ—িāϤা āĻšিāϚাāĻĒে āύ'āϞৈ āĻāĻ• āĻŽāĻšāϤ্ āĻ•াāĻŽ āĻŦুāϞি āϕ⧰āĻ• āφ⧰ু āĻ­াāϞāĻĻā§°ে āϞাāϞāύ āĻĒাāϞāύ āϕ⧰āĻ•। āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞি āĻ•িāĻŽাāύ āϞāĻ—াāϞে āϏেāχāϟো āĻšিāϚাāĻĒ āύāϕ⧰ি āĻ•িāĻŽাāύāϜোāĻĒা āĻ—āĻ› āĻ…āĻšা āĻŦāϛ⧰āϞৈ āφāĻĒুāύি āϜুāĻŦিāύ āĻĻাā§° āύাāĻŽāϤ āωāϚāĻ—া āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāϞে āϏেāĻ‡ā§Ÿা āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻ•āĻĨা। āϝেāϤি⧟া āφāĻĒুāύি ā§°োā§ąা āĻ—āĻ›āĻĒুāϞিāϟো āĻĄাāϙ⧰ āĻšোā§ąাā§° āĻĒাāĻ›āϤ āϚ⧰াāχ āϚিā§°িāĻ•āϟি āĻĒā§°িāĻŦ, āĻŽাāύুāĻšে āϤাā§° āϤāϞāϤ āϜীā§°াāĻŦ - āϏেāχ āĻĻৃāĻļ্āϝ āĻĻেāĻ–ি āφāĻĒুāύি āϝি āĻĒā§°āĻŽ āφāύāύ্āĻĻ āĻĒাāĻŦ āϏেāχ āϏুāĻ– āĻ•েā§ąāϞ āφāĻĒুāύিāĻšে āĻ…āύুāĻ­ā§ą āϕ⧰িāĻŦ āĻĒাā§°িāĻŦ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāχ āĻ…āύুāĻ­ā§ą āĻĒাāĻŦāϞৈ āϜāϟিāϞ āύāĻšā§Ÿ āĻ•েā§ąāϞ āĻ­াāϞāĻĻā§°ে āĻ•াāĻŽāĻ–িāύি āϕ⧰িāϞেāχ āĻš'āϞ, āĻāĻĻিāύ āĻšৈ āϝাāĻŦ।

Thursday, 13 November 2025

20 MACQs — Field Preparation in Agriculture-Horticulture (with Answers)

     1. Which implements are needed for primary tillage in field preparation?

a) Plough

b) Harrow

c) Spade

d) Sickle
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. The ideal soil for most horticultural crops is:

a) Sandy soil

b) Loamy soil

c) Clayey soil

d) Rocky soil
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. Which methods are commonly used for seed bed preparation?

a) Raking

b) Leveling

c) Broadcasting manure

d) Mulching
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. Which nutrients play a critical role in the field preparation for horticultural crops?

a) Nitrogen

b) Phosphorus

c) Potassium

d) Zinc
Answer: a), b), c), d)

  1. Which factors help in determining the time for land preparation?

a) Soil moisture

b) Rainfall

c) Crop season

d) Soil texture
Answer: a), b), c), d)

  1. Which operations improve soil aeration during field preparation?

a) Ploughing

b) Deep digging

c) Application of organic matter

d) Flooding
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. Organic manure is best applied during:

a) Before sowing

b) At sowing

c) After germination

d) Before harvesting
Answer: a), b)

  1. Which materials are commonly used for mulching?

a) Straw

b) Black polythene

c) Compost

d) Sand
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. Soil pH can be improved using:

a) Lime

b) Gypsum

c) Organic manure

d) Urea
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. Which operations are involved in secondary tillage?

a) Harrowing

b) Leveling

c) Planking

d) Sowing
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. Advantages of proper field preparation include:

a) Better root development

b) Improved nutrient absorption

c) Reduced weed growth

d) Increased disease resistance
Answer: a), b), c), d)

  1. Soil sterilization is done by:

a) Solarization

b) Chemical treatment

c) Steaming

d) Flooding
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. Marking of rows in field preparation helps in:

a) Uniform spacing

b) Water drainage

c) Easy intercultural operations

d) Preventing seed wastage
Answer: a), c), d)

  1. Good drainage in a horticultural field is achieved by:

a) Raised beds

b) Contour bunding

c) Installing drain pipes

d) Excess irrigation
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. Field preparation for orchard planting includes:

a) Pit digging

b) Application of manure

c) Irrigation setup

d) Mulching
Answer: a), b), c), d)

  1. Preparation of nursery beds requires:

a) Fine tilth soil

b) Proper leveling

c) Shade provision

d) Pest control measures
Answer: a), b), c), d)

  1. Sowing methods relevant during field preparation include:

a) Broadcasting

b) Dibbling

c) Drilling

d) Transplanting
Answer: a), b), c), d)

  1. Factors influencing field preparation for horticultural crops are:

a) Crop type

b) Climatic conditions

c) Irrigation availability

d) Pest incidence
Answer: a), b), c), d)

  1. Cover crops grown during field preparation serve:

a) Weed control

b) Soil improvement

c) Moisture conservation

d) Disease prevention
Answer: a), b), c)

  1. Essential tools for field preparation:

a) Hoe

b) Rake

c) Spade

d) Trowel
Answer: a), b), c), d)

20 MCQs — Photosynthesis (with Answers)

      1. Photosynthesis primarily occurs in which part of the plant?

a) Roots

b) Stem

c) Leaves

d) Flower
Answer: c) Leaves 

  1. The pigment essential for photosynthesis is:

a) Hemoglobin

b) Anthocyanin

c) Chlorophyll

d) Carotene
Answer: c) Chlorophyll 

  1. The overall equation for photosynthesis can be written as:

a) O2 + H2O → CO2 + C6H12O6

b) 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

c) CO2 + C6H12O6 → O2 + H2O

d) None of these
Answer: b) 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 

  1. Which is not a raw material for photosynthesis?

a) Sunlight

b) Carbon dioxide

c) Oxygen

d) Water
Answer: c) Oxygen 

  1. The end product of photosynthesis is:

a) Oxygen

b) Glucose

c) ATP

d) Carbon dioxide
Answer: b) Glucose 

  1. The site of light-dependent reactions is:

a) Stroma

b) Mitochondria

c) Grana (Thylakoid membranes)

d) Cytosol
Answer: c) Grana (Thylakoid membranes) 

  1. Which of the following releases oxygen during photosynthesis?

a) Reduction of CO2

b) Photolysis of water

c) Formation of glucose

d) Calvin cycle
Answer: b) Photolysis of water 

  1. In the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is:

a) Oxidised

b) Reduced

c) Hydrolysed

d) Combusted
Answer: b) Reduced 

  1. The first stable product of photosynthesis in C3 plants is:

a) Oxaloacetate

b) Malate

c) 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)

d) Pyruvate
Answer: c) 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) 

  1. Which of the following factors does not affect the rate of photosynthesis?

a) Light intensity

b) Temperature

c) CO2 concentration

d) Humidity
Answer: d) Humidity 

  1. The scientist who first demonstrated that oxygen is released in photosynthesis was:

a) Joseph Priestley

b) Jan Ingenhousz

c) Robin Hill

d) Julius von Sachs
Answer: b) Jan Ingenhousz 

  1. Stomata are mainly responsible for:

a) Transpiration

b) Gaseous exchange

c) Food transport

d) Water absorption
Answer: b) Gaseous exchange 

  1. Which experiment proves that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis?

a) Half-leaf experiment

b) IAA bioassay

c) Tissue culture

d) Chromatography
Answer: a) Half-leaf experiment 

  1. Which component of sunlight is most effective for photosynthesis?

a) Blue and red light

b) Green light

c) Ultraviolet light

d) Infrared light
Answer: a) Blue and red light 

  1. What is the main function of light energy in photosynthesis?

a) To reduce CO2

b) To split water molecules

c) To oxidise glucose

d) To absorb heat only
Answer: b) To split water molecules 

  1. Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

a) Grana

b) Stroma

c) Cytoplasm

d) Nucleus
Answer: b) Stroma 

  1. The process of making ATP in the presence of sunlight is termed:

a) Glycolysis

b) Photophosphorylation

c) Respiration

d) Photorespiration
Answer: b) Photophosphorylation 

  1. The main product of light-independent reaction is:

a) Oxygen

b) Glucose

c) ATP

d) NADPH
Answer: b) Glucose 

  1. How is water utilized in photosynthesis?

a) Source of carbon

b) Source of electrons and protons

c) Source of oxygen only

d) Only for cooling
Answer: b) Source of electrons and protons 

  1. When the rate of respiration exceeds the rate of photosynthesis, the plant will:

a) Grow more vigorously

b) Continue to live but will not store food

c) Die instantly

d) Store more food
Answer: b) Continue to live but will not store food

 

50 MCQs — Chapter: Evolution (with Answers)

      1. The scientist who proposed the theory of natural selection was:

a) Lamarck

b) Darwin

c) Mendel

d) Pasteur
Answer: b) Darwin

 

  1. Which of the following is the oldest era?

a) Cenozoic

b) Paleozoic

c) Mesozoic

d) Proterozoic
Answer: b) Paleozoic

 

  1. Homologous organs provide evidence for:

a) Convergent evolution

b) Divergent evolution

c) Analogous evolution

d) Adaptive radiation
Answer: b) Divergent evolution

 

  1. When did life first appear on earth?

a) After 200 million years

b) After 300 million years

c) After 500 million years

d) After 250 million years
Answer: c) After 500 million years

 

  1. “The Origin of Species” is a book written by:

a) Lamarck

b) Charles Darwin

c) Hugo de Vries

d) Weismann
Answer: b) Charles Darwin

 

  1. According to Darwin, evolution occurs due to:

a) Inheritance of acquired characters

b) Mutations

c) Natural selection

d) Sudden changes
Answer: c) Natural selection

 

  1. The wings of a bird and an insect are:

a) Homologous

b) Analogous

c) Vestigial

d) Atavistic
Answer: b) Analogous

 

  1. The process of formation of a new species is called:

a) Evolution

b) Speciation

c) Mutation

d) Variation
Answer: b) Speciation

 

  1. The theory of use and disuse was proposed by:

a) Darwin

b) Lamarck

c) Wallace

d) Morgan
Answer: b) Lamarck

 

  1. Mutation theory was proposed by:

a) Darwin

b) Hugo de Vries

c) Oparin

d) Miller
Answer: b) Hugo de Vries

 

  1. The fossil study provides which type of evidence?

a) Embryological

b) Palaeontological

c) Morphological

d) Anatomical
Answer: b) Palaeontological

 

  1. Presence of tail in human embryo is an example of:

a) Adaptation

b) Mutation

c) Atavism

d) Vestigiality
Answer: c) Atavism

 

  1. Industrial melanism is an example of:

a) Mutation

b) Natural selection

c) Random drift

d) Sexual selection
Answer: b) Natural selection

 

  1. Evolution is a _______ process.

a) Fast

b) Gradual

c) Directional

d) Sudden
Answer: b) Gradual

 

  1. Who demonstrated by experiment that life comes from pre-existing life?

a) Louis Pasteur

b) Oparin

c) Miller

d) Spallanzani
Answer: a) Louis Pasteur

 

  1. Which is a vestigial organ in humans?

a) Pancreas

b) Vermiform appendix

c) Liver

d) Kidney
Answer: b) Vermiform appendix

 

  1. The force that initiates evolution is:

a) Adaptation

b) Mutation

c) Variation

d) Extinction
Answer: c) Variation

 

  1. Which of the following statements is correct regarding homologous organs?

a) Same structure and function

b) Similar structure, different function

c) Different structure and function

d) Different structure, same function
Answer: b) Similar structure, different function

 

  1. Which organism is the closest living relative of man?

a) Gorillas

b) Lemurs

c) Orangutans

d) Chimpanzees
Answer: d) Chimpanzees

 

  1. “Survival of the fittest” means:

a) The strongest survives

b) The cleverest survives

c) The most adaptable survives

d) The biggest survives
Answer: c) The most adaptable survives

 

  1. Analogous organs arise due to:

a) Divergent evolution

b) Convergent evolution

c) Adaptive radiation

d) Mutation
Answer: b) Convergent evolution

 

  1. The presence of gills in the tadpole of frog indicates:

a) Ability to swim in water

b) Evolutionary relationship with fish

c) Similar shape of head

d) Aquatic habitat
Answer: b) Evolutionary relationship with fish

 

  1. S.L. Miller’s experiment proved that:

a) Life came from pre-existing life

b) Life came from inorganic molecules

c) Life came from viruses

d) Life came from bacteria
Answer: b) Life came from inorganic molecules

 

  1. What is adaptive radiation?

a) Migration of organisms

b) Evolution of different species from a common ancestor in a geologically short time

c) Radiation due to sun

d) Sudden mutation
Answer: b) Evolution of different species from a common ancestor in a geologically short time

 

  1. The bones of forelimbs of mammals are similar in structure because:

a) One organism gave rise to another

b) Common ancestry

c) Same function

d) Biochemical similarity
Answer: b) Common ancestry

 

  1. Which statement about Darwin's finches is correct?

a) Same beaks in all species

b) Different beaks evolved for different food types

c) No evolution observed

d) All are extinct
Answer: b) Different beaks evolved for different food types

 

  1. Industrial melanism supports the theory of:

a) Acquired characters

b) Natural selection

c) Artificial selection

d) Mutation
Answer: b) Natural selection

 

  1. Panspermia refers to:

a) Life originated on earth spontaneously

b) Spores transferred from another planet

c) Artificial life origin

d) Life originated from viruses
Answer: b) Spores transferred from another planet

  1. Which of the following best explains evolution?

a) Sudden change in an organism

b) Descent with modification

c) Artificial selection

d) Atavism
Answer: b) Descent with modification

 

  1. Who gave the concept of “Inheritance of Acquired Characters”?

a) Darwin

b) Lamarck

c) De Vries

d) Wallace
Answer: b) Lamarck

 

  1. Which of the following is not a direct evidence for evolution?

a) Fossils

b) Vestigial organs

c) Analogy

d) Homology
Answer: c) Analogy

 

  1. The first cellular organisms were:

a) Eukaryotes

b) Chemoheterotrophs

c) Photoautotrophs

d) Animals
Answer: b) Chemoheterotroph

 

  1. Which of these is an example of microevolution?

a) Evolution of new species

b) Change in gene frequency in a population

c) Appearance of new kingdom

d) Extinction of species
Answer: b) Change in gene frequency in a population

 

  1. Who is called the Father of Genetics?

a) Charles Darwin

b) Lamarck

c) Gregor Mendel

d) Wallace
Answer: c) Gregor Mendel

 

  1. Branching descent and natural selection are key concepts of:

a) Mutation theory

b) Darwinian evolution

c) Catastrophic theory

d) Inheritance of acquired traits
Answer: b) Darwinian evolution

 

  1. Paleontological studies are based on:

a) Blood samples

b) Fossils

c) Homology

d) Chemistry
Answer: b) Fossils

 

  1. The term “survival of the fittest” was coined by:

a) Lamarck

b) Darwin

c) Herbert Spencer

d) Wallace
Answer: c) Herbert Spencer

 

  1. The wings of a bat and the flippers of a whale are:

a) Analogous

b) Homologous

c) Vestigial

d) Atavistic
Answer: b) Homologous

 

  1. Which of these is NOT considered a vestigial organ?

a) Appendix

b) Ear muscles

c) Tailbone

d) Heart
Answer: d) Heart

 

  1. The process that increases genetic variation in populations is:

a) Mitosis

b) Meiosis

c) Cloning

d) Budding
Answer: b) Meiosis

 

  1. The correct order of geologic time eras is:

a) Proterozoic < Paleozoic < Mesozoic < Cenozoic

b) Mesozoic < Cenozoic < Paleozoic < Proterozoic

c) Cenozoic < Proterozoic < Paleozoic < Mesozoic

d) Paleozoic < Cenozoic < Mesozoic < Proterozoic
Answer: a) Proterozoic < Paleozoic < Mesozoic < Cenozoic

 

  1. Which gas was absent in the primitive atmosphere?

a) Oxygen

b) Ammonia

c) Methane

d) Water vapour
Answer: a) Oxygen

 

  1. The fossil Archaeopteryx links which two groups?

a) Mammals and reptiles

b) Birds and reptiles

c) Amphibians and reptiles

d) Birds and amphibians
Answer: b) Birds and reptiles

 

  1. Evolution by stages means:

a) Big changes suddenly

b) Complex organs arise from small, gradual changes

c) Creation by supernatural means

d) Direct transformation
Answer: b) Complex organs arise from small, gradual changes

  1. The “Big Bang” theory explains the origin of:

a) Stars

b) Life

c) Universe

d) Planets
Answer: c) Universe

 

  1. The process by which unrelated organisms develop similar traits is called:

a) Divergent evolution

b) Convergent evolution

c) Parallel evolution

d) Coevolution
Answer: b) Convergent evolution

 

  1. Adaptive radiation is best represented by:

a) Darwin’s finches

b) Human–ape relationship

c) Industrial melanism

d) Atavism
Answer: a) Darwin’s finches

 

  1. The sudden appearance of variations in organisms is termed:

a) Adaptation

b) Mutation

c) Variation

d) Selection
Answer: b) Mutation

 

  1. The main raw material for evolution is:

a) Adaptation

b) Variation

c) Selection

d) Mutation
Answer: b) Variation

 

  1. Which is not a Darwinian concept?

a) Overproduction of offspring

b) Use and disuse of organs

c) Survival of the fittest

d) Struggle for existence
Answer: b) Use and disuse of organs

Crucial 15-Days before examination

📚 15 Days to the Examination — Study Smart, Stay Confident! ✨ Dear students, The final 15 days before the examination are the most crucia...